![]() Hence, the word "John" refers to the person John. In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relationships between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them. ![]() The triangle of reference, from the influential book The Meaning of Meaning (1923) by C. ![]() Some of them are described in the sections below. References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge, and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used. In some cases, methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography. References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other, spacetime coordinate, symbolic or alpha-numeric, a physical object or an energy projection. Its referent may be anything – a material object, a person, an event, an activity, or an abstract concept. A name is usually a phrase or expression, or some other symbolic representation. The second object, the one to which the first object refers, is called the referent of the first object. It is called a name for the second object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object. Reference is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. For other uses, see Reference (disambiguation).
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